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      UPSC COMMERCE OPTIONAL PDF

      • Home
      • UPSC COMMERCE OPTIONAL PDF
      • Page 12
      28 June

      Expenses

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Accounts, Blogs, Learn - Free

      Costs incurred by a business in the process of earning revenue are known as expenses. Generally, expenses are measured by the cost of assets consumed or services used during an accounting period. The usual items of expenses are: depreciation, rent, …

      Read More
      28 June

      Revenues

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Accounts, Blogs, Learn - Free

      These are the amounts of the business earned by selling its products or providing services to customers, called sales revenue. Other items of revenue common to many businesses are: commission, interest, dividends, royalties, rent received, etc. Revenue is also called …

      Read More
      Employee Separation
      28 June

      Employee Separation

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Blogs, HRM- Human Resource Management, Learn - Free

      Separation of an employee takes place when his service agreement with the organization comes to an end and the employee leaves the organization. It may occur due to resignation, retirement, death, dismissal, and layoff. PDF Employee separation, in the context …

      Read More
      Demotion
      28 June

      Demotion

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Blogs, HRM- Human Resource Management, Learn - Free

      It is the downward movement of an employee in the organizational hierarchy with lower status and lower salary. Demotion refers to the process of moving an employee from a higher-ranking position to a lower-ranking position within an organization. It can …

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      closed promotion system
      28 June

      Closed Promotion System

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Blogs, HRM- Human Resource Management, Learn - Free

      Under Closed promotion system, promotion is restricted or it is not open to all employees, and vacancies are not announced. A closed promotion system revolves around the idea of promoting existing employees from within the organization, rather than considering external …

      Read More
      28 June

      Open Promotion System

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Blogs, HRM- Human Resource Management, Learn - Free

      Under open promotion system, the company considers all the existing employees as potential candidates and announces internally such positions opening.  Enhance participation and the achievement of equal opportunity goals. Here are some key features and principles often associated with an …

      Read More
      28 June

      Dry Promotion

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Blogs, HRM- Human Resource Management, Learn - Free

      Dry promotion is a situation when an employee is assigned to a higher level job without an increase in pay. That is there is an increase in responsibility, authority, and status but no increase in salary. Example- When a university …

      Read More
      28 June

      Promotion

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Blogs, HRM- Human Resource Management, Learn - Free

      Promotion means the advancement of an employee to a higher post carrying greater responsibilities, higher status, and better salary. It is an upward movement of an employee within the organization hierarchy, to another job commanding greater authority, higher status, and …

      Read More
      27 June

      Transfer

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Blogs, HRM- Human Resource Management, Learn - Free

      A lateral shift causing movement of individuals from one position to another usually without involving any marked changes in duties, responsibilities, skills needed, or compensation.    PDF A transfer refers to the horizontal or lateral movement of an employee from …

      Read More
      26 June

      Sales

      • Posted by commerceachiever
      • Categories Accounts, Blogs, Learn - Free

      Sales are total revenues from goods or services sold or provided to customers. Sales may be cash sales or credit sales.

      Read More
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